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The novel The Vendor of Sweets is a fictional reality and give a fairy-tale feeling. The novel is written in 1967. It illustrates the conflict between modern culture and traditional Indian culture. The western society may object the Jagan’s (the protagonist) believes of a “free man” by moving away from his work, son and acquaintances for the sake of calmness and detachment. Yet, Narayan is writing wholly from an Indian perspective, not Western. The novel centers on the relationship between Jagan and his son, Mali. Jagan is a sweets vendor (seller) and strictly follows the asceticism of Gandhi, however, Mali denies his father’s beliefs and values and favors liberal western ideas. When the novel begins, Jagan is fifty-five years old man, living a strict life of asceticism. He eats only wheat, green vegetable, and honey and cuts sugar and salt from his diet. He thoroughly follows a core Hindu scripture the Bhagavad Gita of simply the Gita, as referred by Gandhi his spiritual dictionary. P...
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- A. G. Gardiner
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Learning Language in a Loop
In the essay “On Shaking Hands”, A.G. Gardiner explores the tradition of shaking hands, suggesting that even this seemingly innocent custom has faced criticism, particularly on hygienic grounds. He notes that while there are alternatives to shaking hands, such as bowing, salaaming, or making a gesture with the hand, the Western custom of shaking hands is deeply ingrained and unlikely to change easily. Gardiner compares the Western custom of shaking hands to other forms of salutation in different cultures (The Japanese bows, and the Indian salaams, and the Chinese make a grave motion of the hand, and the Arab touches the breast of his friend at parting with the tips of his fingers), suggesting that it may appear coarse or rustic in comparison. He also draws a parallel with the practice of kissing, highlighting how cultural norms regarding kissing have evolved over time, becoming more restrained in Western society compared to historical practices. Gardiner mentions an anecdote about the Russian tradition of kissing as a form of greeting, particularly among men, illustrating how cultural customs can vary widely.
Gardiner continues his comparison between Western customs of greeting, such as shaking hands and kissing, and those of other cultures. H